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Finding the tension in a slackline
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Partner slacklinejoe


Sep 26, 2005, 7:51 PM
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I e-mailed Blue Water to try to get some data about the elastic properties of their webbing, but i didn't get anything back from them. They said
"Do you own a load cell or dynamometer? You must determine the actual peak
load to calculate." that was all :(

Can't say i know exactly what they means, but maybe some of you guys do.
Best guess:
It means that elongation % is a curve and not just a normal % of stretch. It also means shy of having a load measuring device we're pretty much left to statics and trig (or at least as far as I know). They might have a lookup table that reads out xx inch of stretch for xx lbs for their guys to use. Of course, put the web in a humid room and it'll stretch a hell of a lot more... Honestly I don't think they can give us a modus - or at least for anything other than extremely controled situations.


iltripp


Sep 26, 2005, 7:54 PM
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In reply to:
I e-mailed Blue Water to try to get some data about the elastic properties of their webbing, but i didn't get anything back from them. They said
"Do you own a load cell or dynamometer? You must determine the actual peak
load to calculate." that was all :(

Can't say i know exactly what they means, but maybe some of you guys do.

That doesn't really make sense... Knowing the elastic modulus of the webbing seems to be what is missing. Everything else can probably (although with some difficulty) be calculated from that.

A load cell would measure the force of the line on the anchor, but I don't know what he wanted to calculate from that load. Also, to calculate the peak load, you would have to stretch the line to breaking while measuring the load


iltripp


Sep 26, 2005, 7:59 PM
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In reply to:
In reply to:
I e-mailed Blue Water to try to get some data about the elastic properties of their webbing, but i didn't get anything back from them. They said
"Do you own a load cell or dynamometer? You must determine the actual peak
load to calculate." that was all :(

Can't say i know exactly what they means, but maybe some of you guys do.
Best guess:
It means that elongation % is a curve and not just a normal % of stretch. It also means shy of having a load measuring device we're pretty much left to statics and trig (or at least as far as I know).

The elongation would be a curve, since nylon is a thermoplastic material. However, it should operate in a fairly straight line until it approaches failure. The slope of that line is the elastic modulus. At very high load/elongation the curve will flatten out as the material yields. Generally, at this point, a significant amount of elasticity will be lost.


Partner slacklinejoe


Sep 26, 2005, 8:02 PM
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The elongation would be a curve, since nylon is a thermoplastic material. However, it should operate in a fairly straight line until it approaches failure. The slope of that line is the elastic modulus.

I should have qualified that with the statement that the curve is highly variable depending on factors such as environment, age (even unused web will get more static with age), usage and treatments.


iltripp


Sep 26, 2005, 8:26 PM
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The elongation would be a curve, since nylon is a thermoplastic material. However, it should operate in a fairly straight line until it approaches failure. The slope of that line is the elastic modulus.

I should have qualified that with the statement that the curve is highly variable depending on factors such as environment, age (even unused web will get more static with age), usage and treatments.

Understood... unfortunately, it seems like even knowing the elastic modulus of the original webbing won't do a whole lot of good. As soon as the line is left up for a decent amount of time, or gets wet under tension, etc, the elastic modulus will be changed.

It would be nice, however, to see more data about this. Just for the sake of doing it, I'd like to know the original modulus in order to calulate the forces involved on a brand new line. I'd also love to see some experimental tests of the decrease in modulus over the average lifespan of a "normal" line.

If only there were research grants for studying slacklining....


veganboyjosh


Sep 26, 2005, 8:47 PM
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someone earlier posted something about a cargo scale. would that work? to rig a line with a scale in the line somewhere, and then start walking/bouncing? as long as the capacity of the scale is within, say, that of the webbing, wouldn't it measure the tension accurately, including the tension?

i'm not sure if there exists one like this, but i'm imagining a scale that has a function simliar to a bike computer, where once the session is over, you can look at things like the highest load, the average load, etc...


gunther85


Sep 27, 2005, 12:27 AM
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Blue Water man says:
"I can supply you with elongation figures for specific loads. The "tension"
is the variable and the unknown in a slackline w/o a load cell. I figure
zero to X lbf in 250 lb. increments? Will that work? This will only apply to
BW climb spec webbing. Other webbings may vary [they]. If it out of
curiosity the figures will be of value. If it is out of need for end use I
strongly suggest using a Yates screamer as a load limiter in the system.
There are different models with different activation forces. They work"

i e-mailed him back and asked him to send all the data he could. We'll see what fun numbers we get back.


misanthropic_nihilist


Sep 27, 2005, 1:38 AM
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Hmmm... I guess I'll start using a screamer in my slackline set up.

I'm currently an engineering student at Cornell, maybe I'll start looking into getting a research project on webbing elasticity funded. So far the engineering stuff that I am most interested in is the stuff that pertains to climbing.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 1:50 AM
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In reply to:
Blue Water man says:
"I can supply you with elongation figures for specific loads. The "tension"
is the variable and the unknown in a slackline w/o a load cell. I figure
zero to X lbf in 250 lb. increments? Will that work? This will only apply to
BW climb spec webbing. Other webbings may vary [they]. If it out of
curiosity the figures will be of value. If it is out of need for end use I
strongly suggest using a Yates screamer as a load limiter in the system.
There are different models with different activation forces. They work"

i e-mailed him back and asked him to send all the data he could. We'll see what fun numbers we get back.

Gunter, please either pm me or post here with all the data you get from blue water. I would like to have a look at their numbers.

If that's not sufficient, I may see if I can get the professor I used to work for let me use some of the stuff in his lab. After doing some tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis, I could probably come up with some interesting information about a slackline system.

Hey slacklinejoe... want to fund a research project in exchange for the results?


uncleslackline


Sep 27, 2005, 3:28 AM
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Man you engineering students can take the fun out of slackline in a hurry!!!
I'm with Larry, "you guys are hurting my head!"
I'm sure this is not my kind of thread but, dynomometers have been put on slaklines before.
When Darrin did the highline between two buildings in Long Beach for Ripleys, one of the stage hands had a dynomometer and they rigged it in the set up!
Darrin told me that when he got the line walkable it read 800lbs. He also said that when he was on the line, it only increased the load to 850, I don't know about the load of a fall because Darrin never ever fell! as a matter of fact he did that walk leashless!!!


Partner slacklinejoe


Sep 27, 2005, 4:17 AM
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Hey slacklinejoe... want to fund a research project in exchange for the results?

Hey, I offered a case of beer.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 4:48 AM
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Man you engineering students can take the fun out of slackline in a hurry!!!
I'm with Larry, "you guys are hurting my head!"
I'm sure this is not my kind of thread but, dynomometers have been put on slaklines before.
When Darrin did the highline between two buildings in Long Beach for Ripleys, one of the stage hands had a dynomometer and they rigged it in the set up!
Darrin told me that when he got the line walkable it read 800lbs. He also said that when he was on the line, it only increased the load to 850, I don't know about the load of a fall because Darrin never ever fell! as a matter of fact he did that walk leashless!!!

Interesting!!!! It seems that the force of him being on the line is absorbed by the stretching of the material so that it doesn't increase as much as you would expect. The elasticity of the webbing acts as a shock absorber so that the entire load isn't transferred to the anchors.

I gotta get me a dynomometer


gunther85


Sep 27, 2005, 5:54 PM
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and the Blue Water man says:
"Age won't be a critical factor. You'll likely wear web out before age
becomes an issue. Wear is the biggest problem as I see it. Webbing loses A LOT of strength with small nicks [or] at the sides. The worn/ cut spots throw the web out of balance and it can lose a great deal of strength. DON'T use worn webbing!! UV is the biggest long term problem especially if the web is left set up on a regular basis. Water reduces nylon strength by 25% or so but nylon regains the strength upon drying. Wet web will elongate more. %age increase of elongation I'm not sure off the top of my head. Dampness- same as wet but not as big of a problem. The nylon produces say nylon will not mildew. But the accumulation of dirt, oil from your hands, sunscreen etc. can get attached to the nylon and those things will mildew.
I'll get my lab guy running testing this a.m. if he's caught up on regular
materials testing
."

I think i love this guy.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 6:10 PM
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In reply to:
and the Blue Water man says:
"Age won't be a critical factor. You'll likely wear web out before age
becomes an issue. Wear is the biggest problem as I see it. Webbing loses A LOT of strength with small nicks [or] at the sides. The worn/ cut spots throw the web out of balance and it can lose a great deal of strength. DON'T use worn webbing!! UV is the biggest long term problem especially if the web is left set up on a regular basis. Water reduces nylon strength by 25% or so but nylon regains the strength upon drying. Wet web will elongate more. %age increase of elongation I'm not sure off the top of my head. Dampness- same as wet but not as big of a problem. The nylon produces say nylon will not mildew. But the accumulation of dirt, oil from your hands, sunscreen etc. can get attached to the nylon and those things will mildew.
I'll get my lab guy running testing this a.m. if he's caught up on regular
materials testing
."

I think i love this guy.

Actually, I could have told you most of that. I believe however, that if the nylon is stretched a lot while wet that won't necessarily regain all of it's strength. It would depend if the wet nylon is strained enough.


Partner slacklinejoe


Sep 27, 2005, 6:36 PM
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Actually, I could have told you most of that. I believe however, that if the nylon is stretched a lot while wet that won't necessarily regain all of it's strength. It would depend if the wet nylon is strained enough.

With it being wet, it looses 25% of it's strength so it makes sense that it also takes somewhere around 75% as much of a load before it starts going static when compared to normal.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 6:42 PM
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Actually, I could have told you most of that. I believe however, that if the nylon is stretched a lot while wet that won't necessarily regain all of it's strength. It would depend if the wet nylon is strained enough.

With it being wet, it looses 25% of it's strength so it makes sense that it also takes somewhere around 75% as much of a load before it starts going static when compared to normal.

Going static? I'm not sure what you mean...


Partner slacklinejoe


Sep 27, 2005, 6:43 PM
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The amount of load before it permantly makes the web less dynamic than new. I.e. when wet it reaches that load faster than when dry because it's actually weaker in that state.


misanthropic_nihilist


Sep 27, 2005, 6:47 PM
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In reply to:
Man you engineering students can take the fun out of slackline in a hurry!!!
I'm with Larry, "you guys are hurting my head!"
I'm sure this is not my kind of thread but, dynomometers have been put on slaklines before.
When Darrin did the highline between two buildings in Long Beach for Ripleys, one of the stage hands had a dynomometer and they rigged it in the set up!
Darrin told me that when he got the line walkable it read 800lbs. He also said that when he was on the line, it only increased the load to 850, I don't know about the load of a fall because Darrin never ever fell! as a matter of fact he did that walk leashless!!!

Interesting!!!! It seems that the force of him being on the line is absorbed by the stretching of the material so that it doesn't increase as much as you would expect. The elasticity of the webbing acts as a shock absorber so that the entire load isn't transferred to the anchors.

At first glance, this seems correct. At second glance, it seems impossible. The third (or maybe not until the 100th) time you look at it, you figure it out. If the person is standing still on the webbing, there is no way around the statics equations. The load HAS to be transferred to the anchors in the exact amount calculated via trig. It doesn't matter whether you are using a bungee cord or a chain.

The slackline tension will always be the same, given a line length, weight on the line, and angle from horizontal (or equivalently, change in height from nonweighted to weighted line). It just happens that Darrin was able to get his non-weighted line to a tension close to the tension of his weighted line. The fact that he was able to get the numbers so close is due to the large stretchiness of webbing (I think).

*Sweet: I'm a top roper.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 6:47 PM
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The amount of load before it permantly makes the web less dynamic than new. I.e. when wet it reaches that load faster than when dry because it's actually weaker in that state.

I think I see what you are saying. Water acts as a plasticizer for nylon, so it will cause the webbing to stretch more and break at lower loads. As it stretches it is going to yield some, causing it to lost elastic respnse. This loss of elasticity is, I believe, what you mean when you say it "becomes static"


idahoclimber


Sep 27, 2005, 6:51 PM
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[quote="gunther85"]and the Blue Water man says:
"Age won't be a critical factor. You'll likely wear web out before age
becomes an issue. Wear is the biggest problem as I see it. Webbing loses A LOT of strength with small nicks [or] at the sides. The worn/ cut spots throw the web out of balance and it can lose a great deal of strength. DON'T use worn webbing!! UV is the biggest long term problem especially if the web is left set up on a regular basis. Water reduces nylon strength by 25% or so but nylon regains the strength upon drying. Wet web will elongate more. %age increase of elongation I'm not sure off the top of my head. Dampness- same as wet but not as big of a problem. The nylon produces say nylon will not mildew. But the accumulation of dirt, oil from your hands, sunscreen etc. can get attached to the nylon and those things will mildew.
I'll get my lab guy running testing this a.m. if he's caught up on regular
materials testing
."



so, sorry to change the subject a bit, with uv being a huge killer to webbing just how safe are those trad anchors. you know the ones where people have left webbing lashed around a rock years ago and expect people like me to rap off of.


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 6:52 PM
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In reply to:
In reply to:
In reply to:
Man you engineering students can take the fun out of slackline in a hurry!!!
I'm with Larry, "you guys are hurting my head!"
I'm sure this is not my kind of thread but, dynomometers have been put on slaklines before.
When Darrin did the highline between two buildings in Long Beach for Ripleys, one of the stage hands had a dynomometer and they rigged it in the set up!
Darrin told me that when he got the line walkable it read 800lbs. He also said that when he was on the line, it only increased the load to 850, I don't know about the load of a fall because Darrin never ever fell! as a matter of fact he did that walk leashless!!!

Interesting!!!! It seems that the force of him being on the line is absorbed by the stretching of the material so that it doesn't increase as much as you would expect. The elasticity of the webbing acts as a shock absorber so that the entire load isn't transferred to the anchors.

At first glance, this seems correct. At second glance, it seems impossible. The third (or maybe not until the 100th) time you look at it, you figure it out. If the person is standing still on the webbing, there is no way around the statics equations. The load HAS to be transferred to the anchors in the exact amount calculated via trig. It doesn't matter whether you are using a bungee cord or a chain.

The slackline tension will always be the same, given a line length, weight on the line, and angle from horizontal (or equivalently, change in height from nonweighted to weighted line). It just happens that Darrin was able to get his non-weighted line to a tension close to the tension of his weighted line. The fact that he was able to get the numbers so close is due to the large stretchiness of webbing (I think).

*Sweet: I'm a top roper.

I see what you're saying, and now that I think about it, someone standing still would place a force on the anchors that obeys the trig-calculated values. Bouncing up and down, on the other hand, would result in the stretch of the webbing absorbing some of the energy of impact. I wonder how much.

Damn... i need a way to measure this...


iltripp


Sep 27, 2005, 6:54 PM
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[quote="idahoclimber"]
In reply to:
and the Blue Water man says:
"Age won't be a critical factor. You'll likely wear web out before age
becomes an issue. Wear is the biggest problem as I see it. Webbing loses A LOT of strength with small nicks [or] at the sides. The worn/ cut spots throw the web out of balance and it can lose a great deal of strength. DON'T use worn webbing!! UV is the biggest long term problem especially if the web is left set up on a regular basis. Water reduces nylon strength by 25% or so but nylon regains the strength upon drying. Wet web will elongate more. %age increase of elongation I'm not sure off the top of my head. Dampness- same as wet but not as big of a problem. The nylon produces say nylon will not mildew. But the accumulation of dirt, oil from your hands, sunscreen etc. can get attached to the nylon and those things will mildew.
I'll get my lab guy running testing this a.m. if he's caught up on regular
materials testing
."



so, sorry to change the subject a bit, with uv being a huge killer to webbing just how safe are those trad anchors. you know the ones where people have left webbing lashed around a rock years ago and expect people like me to rap off of.

If it's been there for years, not very. This is probably why there's multiple slings there: people have come along and added new ones.

When in doubt, replace the webbing around the rock/tree/etc and rap of your own.


bigo


Sep 27, 2005, 7:15 PM
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OK,

I don't understand why a static view of the problem cannot be used. When the the slackliner jumps on the line, the line comes temporarily into equilibrium at the moment of max deflection - all forces must balance. At this point statics is applicable. The max deflection is a function of line elasticity, applied force, line pretension, and line/applied force geometry - so if max deflection is used to back out the tension in the line, shouldn't all the above factors already be considered?

Also, one way you could get a close approximation of line pretension, is to apply a small amount of weight to the line and calculate the tension in the line using trig. This would be ~= to the pretension.

Does this make sense, or am I missing something.


bigo


Sep 27, 2005, 7:23 PM
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I already see one problem with my logic - At max deflection the line is not in equilibrium. I'm sure people will point out more.


misanthropic_nihilist


Sep 27, 2005, 8:19 PM
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Yea- even though your velocity is 0 at the lowest point, you still have a net acceleration, which means a net force.

Basically, the answer to EVERYONE'S questions regarding slackline tension is directly (or indirectly) related to the modulus of elasticity.

I am really hoping to get funding for a research project to determine the elasticity modulus of webbing as a function of age, UV exposure, load, load cycles, color, what I had for breakfast, etc. It'l be interesting to (hopefully) see how much it varies. I'm guessing since there aren't any numbers published, that it varies so much that any range of numbers would be too big to be useful.

If I (or anyone else for that matter) did manage to come up with some fairly accurate moduli numbers, I'd be pretty famous in the slackline community. I could just post my address online and let the cases of beer roll in. :)

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